Obedience in the Holocaust - 2087 Words

The Holocaust is known as one of the most devastating, or perhaps even the most devastating incident in human history. On paper, the dizzying statistics are hard to believe. The mass executions, the terrible conditions, the ruthlessness, and the passivity of the majority of witnesses to the traumatic events all seem like a giant, twisted story blown out of proportion to scare children. But the stories are true, the terror really happened, and ordinary citizens were convinced into doing savage deeds against innocent people. How, one must ask? How could anyone be so pitiless towards their neighbors, their friends? In a time of desperation, when a country was on its knees to the rest of the world, one man not only united Germans against a†¦show more content†¦I asked Karl Boem-Tettelbach how it was possible in the 1930s that someone could respect Hitler and what he was doing for Germany when Jews were forced to lose their jobs and leave the country. In his reply spoke, I believ e, for millions of other Germans: That never came up. Everybody thought the same, that you were in a big team and you didnt separate from the group. You were infected. That explains it a bit. (2) And as for actual officers, during the Nuremberg Trials, a Commandant named Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Hoess had this to say of his indifference, Dont you see, we SS men were not supposed to think about these things; it never even occurred to us. And besides it was something already taken for granted that the Jews were to blame for everythingÂ….It was not just newspapers like Sturmer but it was everything we heard. Even our military and ideological training took for granted that we had to protect Germany from the JewsÂ….We were all so trained to obey orders without even thinking that the thought of disobeying an order would never have occurred to anybody. (3) So there is a delicate balance between conscious and unconscious actions of every individual of Nazi Germany. The majority was bewi tched by the charismatic Hitler who not only gave them a reason as to why they were suffering with ubiquitous propaganda, but also promised to strengthen Germany until she was beyond restored. (4) For some it was an underlying hatred that had finally found a vent. ForShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Obedience During The Holocaust1599 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Obedience Often, researchers wonder why obedience has such a strong effect. Some researchers say that obedience is a conscious thing; however, some researchers also say that obedience comes from the fear of authority figures. What exactly does obedience and authority mean? Obedience is â€Å"compliance with that which is required by authority; subjection to rightful restraint or control.† (Obedience, 2003) Authority is â€Å"a legal or rightful power; a right to command or to act; powerRead MoreReview Of Stanley Milgram s Obedience Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pageseach authored a review of Stanley Milgram’s famous obedience experiments. In Milgram’s experiments, he observed the extent of subjects obedience to authority when an experimenter commanded them to deliver possibly harmful electric shocks to another person. According to Milgram, an alarming amount of subjects willingly proceeded to the highest voltage shock in the experiment. In Baumrind s†¯Review of S tanley Milgram s Experiments on Obedience, she attempts to disprove and refute Milgram s experimentsRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Stanley Milgrams The Perils Of Obedience1461 Words   |  6 PagesComparative Analysis The purpose of Stanley Milgram writing his â€Å"The Perils of Obedience,† is to show to what extent an individual would contradict his/her moral convictions because of the orders of an authority figure (Milgram 78). He constructed an experiment wherein an experimenter instructs a naà ¯ve subject to inflict a series of shocks of increasing voltage on a protesting actor. Contrary to Milgram’s expectations, about sixty percent of the subjects administered the highest voltage shock. (MilgramRead MoreMilgram s Experiments On Obedience By Ian Parker955 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiment was eye-opening, but others have also stated that his experiment verified nothing about obedience. As the author of the article Obedience, Ian Parker critiques Milgram s experiment claiming that it had its faults; for example, his conclusions failed to prove his theory on the occurrence of the Holocaust (Parker 102). With his multiple sources, Parker validates his statements about the Holocau st, and as well as the unethical treatment Milgram s subjects received after the experiment, abandoningRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Holocaust945 Words   |  4 Pageson Paris, to the natural disasters in Haiti; there have been a variety of tragic events that have occurred throughout history across the world. Perhaps one main tragedy that leaves people feeling baffled is the Holocaust. Eric Lichtblau described the Holocaust in his article, The Holocaust Just Got More Shocking, as a genocide in which Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany and its associates killed approximately six million Jewish people because the Nazis believed that exterminating the Jewish people was justifiedRead MoreThe Experiments Conducted By Stanley Milgram s The Perils Of Obedience1039 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiments took place at Yale University, and tested subjects on obedience to authority. While reading Stanly Milgram’s â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† the topic of authority to obedience is dis cussed by Milgram stating: â€Å"Obedience is one of the most basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to† (691). Submission to authority is not a new concept, but with the Milgram experiments it has been given a new insight to Obedience to authority. Milgram was inspired to conduct the experimentsRead MoreA Brief Summary of Milgrams Seminal Research on Obedience to Authority1016 Words   |  5 Pagesintentional mistreatment of others (Berkowitz, 1999). Because of the fields situationistic perspective emphasizing the individuals susceptibility to the power of the immediate situation, social psychologists generally view the fairly high levels of obedience to authority displayed in Milgrams classic experiment as the paradigmatic example of evil behavior (Berkowitz, 1999). Reading about the work of Ross and Nisbett, 1991 (as cited in Berkowitz, 1999, p. 247) stated that â€Å"social psychologists, byRead MoreMilgram Experiment : What Was The Inten t?1571 Words   |  7 Pagespunishment on people’s ability to learn. The Milgram experiment helps psychologists and sociologists explain the reasoning behind knowingly conflicting pain for a certain outcome. Milgram contributed path-breaking experiments towards the research between obedience to authority. He furthered knowledge in social networks and urban psychology. Stanley Milgram was born and raised in New York City, where he graduated high school and then later graduating from Queens College. He advanced his education at HarvardRead MoreMilgram Experiment : What Was The Intent?1573 Words   |  7 Pagespunishment on people’s ability to learn. The Milgram experiment helps psychologists and sociologists explain the reasoning behind knowingly conflicting pain for a certain outcome. Milgram contributed path-breaking experiments towards the research between obedience to authority. He furthered knowledge in social networks and urban psychology. Stanley Milgram was born and raised in New York City, where he graduated high school and then later graduating from Queens College. He advanced his education at HarvardRead MoreThe Levels Of Obedience1224 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Holocaust, millions of Jews were murdered. One specific person did not cause these deaths, because there was a division of labor. Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi organizer of these mass murders, never saw the direct effects of the genocide he was orchestrating. After the Holo-caust, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment to study the levels of obedience to authority; he used his experiment to find where evil resided in people and to discover the cause of the Holo-caust. Some people found his findings

The Ethics Of The Psychology Field - 904 Words

Unit 6 Assignment As a professional in the psychology field one must attend to both the privileges and responsibilities of the profession. Society agrees to accept the knowledge of the professional based on specific training. It is the responsibility of the professional to do no harm, to regulate and to ensure self-respect and well-being of individuals they serve and the community. Historically there were many types of psychological researchs that occurred that would not be allowed under today’s standards. In the past there were standards however, they were not always so strict, which is how some unethical psychological researchs transpired back then. Today, the American Psychological Association has ethical guidelines or â€Å"code of ethics† regarding psychological researchs that every professional must adhere to. One influential research in the psychology field that violates today’s ethical guidelines is, Milgram’s Obedience Study. Milgram was insp ired by war crimes and wanted to understand what makes a person obey so blindly. Milgram stated â€Å"Obedience is the psychological mechanism that links individual action to political purpose† (Milgram, 1963). In order to learn more, Milgram devised a clever operation to test obedience in humans. He gathered 40 males with various backgrounds and told them the research was on the effects of punishment on memory (Youngpeter, 2008). Each participant was assigned the role of the teacher while an actor played the learner who wasShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics Of The Field Of I / Psychology878 Words   |  4 Pagesthe importance of ethics and ethical behaviors is not a new facet of my professional life, as I emerge into the field of Industrial and Organizational Psychology the weight of ethical responsibility has heightened. According to Lefkowitz (2005), ethics are moral principles that govern a person s or group s behavior. Hence, after reviewing the American Psychological Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2010) and the role ethics play in the field of I/O Psychology I this assignmentRead MoreEthics in Psychology: A Reflection975 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in psychology: Reflection Introduction The study of psychology frequently deals with intimate, personal issues of clients and research subjects, which is why strict guidelines exist regarding the ethical use of private data. Early on in a psychology students career, he or she is urged to abide by specific guidelines governing his or her behavior to ensure that he or she acts in an ethical manner. A student that has a lax attitude about cutting and pasting words from the web will later haveRead MoreForensic Psychology And The Human Mind And Its Functions1627 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology and law at first glance are not two terms that seem to correspond with each other. One might even question why they would be mentioned in the same context. Crime has become a major issue within today’s society. It seems as though the only way to prevent most of them is to enforce the repercussions of the act and punish those that partake in it. Criminals often have motives or attributes that lead them into a life of crime. Forens ic psychology is the cynosure that brings the associationRead MoreThe Scope Of Competency For Counseling Psychologists1131 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper explores the difference between the scope of practice and the scope of competency of psychology subfields. This paper also elaborates on examples of professional fields in relation to scope of practice and scope of competency. Included research helps identify and elaborate more specifically on counseling psychologists and how the code of ethics is applied. The scope of practice for counseling psychologists includes helping individuals explore and recognize his/her strengths andRead MoreSocial Psychology And Multiculturalism1644 Words   |  7 Pages Psychology has become an integrated part of our real life. Psychology affects life under different theories and identifications. For example, social psychology and multiculturalism work together to create the social change people aspire to. However, social psychology, according to Jahoda (2016), cannot explain the link between the social behavior and the social norms of the society and culture. Hence, social psychology could b e a challenge when a person tries other cultures. Furthermore, there areRead MoreDr. Ronald M. Boggio Essay956 Words   |  4 Pages(as required by Code 37.1-70.4 (C)), for an evaluation report in which he conducted and completed. Dr. Boggio, was also an expert witness testifying for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Under Multiple Relationships which both covered by APA code of ethics sub-category 3.05 and Specialty Guidelines code 4.02; that he should have refrain from entering into multiple relationship if it could reasonably be expected to impair his objectivity, in performing his duty as a psychologist. Dr. Boggio is involvedRead MoreThe Ethics And Integrity Of Two Research Articles1139 Words   |  5 Pageswill analyze the ethics and integrity of two research articles. The first article, Social Networking and Professional Ethics: Client Searches, Informed Consent, and Disclosure (Harris, Robinson Kurpius, 2014). The second article, Child Rights as a Framework for Advancing Professional Standards for Practice, Ethics, and Professional Development in School Psychology (Nastasi and Naser, 2014). The standards and key portions of the American Psychological Association (APA) Code of Ethics (2010) of eachRead MoreThe Psychology Of Psychological Testing Essay1473 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneralized field of psychology. Psychological professionals are continually met with ethical quandaries both professionally and personally, the code of ethics serve as a valuable tool for psychological professionals. APA’s 9th code is Assessment: psychology professions are culpable to use, reliable and valid appraisal of tests to individuals in their native language. It is vital that the professional procure informed consent, adhering to the guidelines defined in the APA code of ethics. HenceforthRead MoreTheories Of The Pursuit Of Knowledge1581 Words   |  7 Pagesselect contexts. However, in objective human sciences, the subjectivity of a knower’s perspecti ve and bias are not only nonessential, but may be dangerous to the initiation, methodology, and resulting outcomes of inquiry. Meanwhile, in the study of ethics, perspective is theorized to be totally essential to the pursuit of knowledge by some and totally nonessential by others. Even in the pursuit of knowledge in a specific subjective area, it is possible to limit the subjectivity of one’s perspectiveRead MoreSocial Psychology And Multiculturalism1714 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Psychology has become an integrated part of our real life. Psychology affects life under different theories and identifications. For example, social psychology and multiculturalism work together to create the social change people aspire to. However, social psychology, according to Jahoda (2016), cannot explain the link between the social behavior and the social norms of the society and culture. Hence, social psychology could be a challenge when a person tries other cultures. Furthermore

Dust cloud Essay Example For Students

Dust cloud Essay The universe contains huge clouds made up of very large amounts of dustandgas. About 6,000,000,000 (billion) years ago, one of these clouds began tocondense. Gravitationthe pull that all objects in the universe have forone anotherpulled the gas and dust particles together. As the dust cloudcondensed, it began to spin. It spun faster and faster and flattened as itspun. It became shaped like a pancake that is thick at the centre and thinThe slowly spinning centre condensed to make the sun. But the outer partsof the pancake, or disk, were spinning too fast to condense in one piece. They broke up into smaller swirls, or eddies, which condensed separately toThe forming sun and planets were made up mostly of gas. They containedmuch more gas than dust. The earth was far bigger than it is now andprobably weighed 500 times as much. The large body of dust and gas forming the sun collapsed rapidly to a muchsmaller size. The pressure that resulted from the collapse caused the sunto become very hot and to glow brightly. The newly born sun began to heat up the swirling eddy of gas and dust thatwas to become the earth. The gas expanded, and some of it flowed away intospace. The dust that remained behind then collected together because ofgravity. Although the shrinking earth generated a lot of heat, most ofthis heat was lost into space. Therefore, the original earth was mostlikely solid, not molten. This hypothesis was developed by a scientest, Harold C. Urey in 1952. It isalso known as the Ureys hypothesis. He showed that methane, ammonia, andwater are the stable forms of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen if an excess ofhydrogen is present. Cosmic dust clouds, from which the earth formed,contained a great excess of hydrogen. Bibliography:

Influence of Environmental Customer †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Environmental Customer. Answer: Introduction: The customers of the restaurants are mainly composed of people who are from various economic, cultural and ethnic backgrounds and have their own preferences in choosing their restaurants. These different attributes help the customers in having their own preferences over the restaurants. The criteria on which the customers select their restaurants have to be analyzed in a proper manner by the restaurateurs so that it can help them in attracting more number of customers (Taylor Aday, 2016). The quality of service that is provided within the restaurants are linked with the satisfaction of the customers in a direct manner, which helps in maintaining the chain of profits for the restaurants. Better quality of service by the employees help in achieving higher level of satisfaction from the customers, which further results in high patronage and generation of revenue for the restaurants as well. The quality of service that is provided by the restaurants help them in gaining a competitive edge over the rival organizations, as most of the customers will prefer in choosing the good restaurants over the other ones (Li, Ye Law, 2013). The quality of the food is another factor that influences the selection of the restaurant by the customers. The taste of the food along with the choice of the ingredients has an important role in the choice of the restaurants by the customers (Shani et al., 2014). The menus that are provided by the restaurants are developed in a new manner on a frequent basis so that the customers can change their choices, which will help in changing the taste patterns of the customers. This will also help in increasing the frequency of the customers of coming in to the restaurant (Ye et al., 2014). This will help the managers and the employees of the restaurants in understanding the quality of food that will influence the customers in selecting their restaurants. Apart from this, the customers feel superior if the restaurants have a better ambience along with good dcor, which will help them in suiting their needs. These factors help in gaining the satisfaction of the customers, which will help the r estaurants in providing better services to the customers (Shani et al., 2014). The primary purpose of the research is to identify the popularity of the customers in eating out at the restaurants that offer a formal service to the customers. Recently, it can be seen that there has been an increase in the rate of growth in the influx of the customers in the restaurants. It can be seen that the major attributes for this is the change in the taste and preference of the customers in their eating habits and in trying out different cuisines so that they can be explored in a better way (Jani Han, 2014). What are the attributes that has helped in determining the choices of restaurants by the customers? What are the services that are provided by the hotels so that the customers can be satisfied? The income or the profit of the restaurants depend on the level of loyalty that the customers have on them so that the products and services that are being offered by them can be patronized and is consistent for the future. The satisfaction that is derived by the customers along with the patronage is some of the major indicators that help the restaurants in reviewing their performance (Tan, Hussain Murali, 2014). Apart from these, the system that is oriented towards decisions and experiential are also associated with the performance of the restaurants. It can be further noted that the impact on the satisfaction level of the consumers also creates an impact on the purchasing pattern so that the expectation of the customers related to the hotel can be maximized (Jani Han, 2015). Dimensions of quality service in restaurants The quality of service in a restaurant is mainly dependent on three basic dimensions, which are service, atmosphere and hygiene (Manhas Tukamushaba, 2015). It is seen that the customers may find the restaurant very attractive if these dimensions or attributes are met in a proper manner. The factor of hygiene has to be maintained so that it can help the customers in getting a better ambience when they enter the restaurant for the first time (Jani Han, 2014). The factor of hygiene will help the customers in becoming regular towards the restaurant, as they will get attracted towards the restaurant if the atmosphere provided by them maintains a hygienic atmosphere in the restaurant. The service that is provided by the restaurant will help in ensuring that the level of satisfaction among the customers can be met in a proper manner (Singh et al., 2017). The menu and the price that is being offered by the restaurant have to be competitive so that they can attract the customers towards themselves. This will help the restaurants in increasing their profits, which will help in generating better revenues. The menu that will be provided by the restaurant will help in defining the cuisine that the restaurant wants to serve to its customers. This will help the restaurants in defining their cuisines and the interested customers will target these restaurants for their choice of food (Albayrak Caber, 2015). The quality of service is dependent on two variables that is the actual outcome and the perception of the final result by the consumer (Shani et al., 2014). The quality of service is a phenomenon that is tremendously increasing in the restaurant so that it can be measured and evaluated. It is a function that helps in analyzing the result between the performance and the expectation of the customers (Yap, 2015). It is also one of the effective methods that will help in managing the processes of business and ensure that the satisfaction among the customers is high so that the employees in the restaurant can get motivated in serving the organization in a better way (Kim Brymer, 2016). Quality of the product It is one of the primary attributes that will help in satisfying the demands and the needs of the customers. The main product that the customers want to have a look in to is the quality of the food that is being processed by the organization. This will help the restaurant in attracting more number of customers. It can be seen that there exists a positive relationship between the quality of the food and the level of satisfaction that is derived by the customers after it is consumed. This is one of the primary factors, which along with the other attributes will help the customers in deriving satisfaction by the customer (Manhas Tukamushaba, 2015). It is a variable that can be considered as monetary, sacrifice that the customers do so that they can gain the best quality of service from the organization. The pricing of the products helps in understanding the core values of the restaurants so that it can help in setting up the prices in an effective manner for the customers. It will also act as a measurement through which the expense on certain products and services can be evaluated, which will help in changing the attitude of the consumers towards the product (Kim Brymer, 2016). Increasing the Customer Retention Rate in the Restaurant The attraction of new importance is important is key to the success of the restaurant business (Yap, 2015). The management of the eatery houses tries to increase their brand image to the customers by offering them a variety of products and quality services. Some of the steps taken by the different restaurants include; Outstanding service provided to the customers- As mentioned earlier in this particular research providing an outstanding service to the individuals, creating a great ambience providing exclusive food items at an affordable price is utmost important for the restaurant to retain the customers of the organization (Han Hyun, 2017). The management of the restaurant has to make sure that the customers feel special every time they visit the restaurant. The quality, quantity of the food, service quality and the star ratings are many such factors that determine the service of the restaurant to the customers. The prompt response of the orders, an ideal waiter to table ratio helps the company to provide ultimate service to the customers and gain and retain their loyalty. Establishing a great personal Relationship- The management of the restaurant maintains a great personal relationship with the customers of the restaurant both loyal and trusted customers as well as new range of customers (Jani Han, 2014). Welcoming the customers by greeting them with a smile helps to lift off the initial tension from both the customers as well as the restaurant workers. The customers feel at home if the waiters or other workers in the restaurant remember their names and also know the favorite cuisine that they like the most (Yap, 2015). Effective Customer Relationship Management- The integration of the latest CRM softwares in the management of the business helps the business to retain the customers and engage with them in a proper way (Yap, 2015). The CRM software comprise a large number of database that consists the different information related to the contact details, birthdays, anniversaries or any other special days of the customer. The restaurant may offer special discount to the particular member to make them loyal and trusted customers. Creating a customer Feedback- Customer Feedback is one of the main elements of operating a successful hospitality business (Jani Han, 2014). A restaurant must have a proper customer feedback program that helps to ensure the choice of the consumers over a product or a particular service, the feedback on the necessary changes that needs to be taken care of by the management and many more as such. Apart from the uses of the restaurant itself the feedback makes the customers feel valued about themselves (Shani et al., 2014). The feedback program helps the organization to immediately solve customer disputes according to the demands of the customers. Online Marketing- Globalization has pushed the limits of every products and services. The presence of online platforms as well as social media platforms that provide a large range of advertisement for the products and services of the restaurant. The users can also post their reviews in the online sites about the service quality and the food quality of the particular restaurant (Han Hyun, 2017). The restaurant management can send a SMS or send an e mail to the user who might have stopped visiting the restaurant and requesting him to come to the restaurant. The email can be provided a personal touch by providing some special discounts on the final bill to the old and loyal customers. Organizing events- Hosting different events can be of much help as because the events help the organization to attract a large number of customers who are interested in different cultural events like music and dancing. Stand up comedies, exotic dances, magic shows are quite enjoyed by the organizations (Jani Han, 2014). Conclusion The researcher has been able to meet the aims and objective of the research. The thorough analysis of the report will provide the readers with the glimpse of the management of the restaurant in the market and its literary works that will be useful for any future research on this particular topic. The thorough analysis of the report will be helpful for a glimpse into the management of the restaurant and its policies by which it retains customers. The research that has been done in the following piece of report is very much important as because the particular topic was unexplored since a long time. The future researchers will now find it easy to refer to this particular work. Reference List Albayrak, T., Caber, M. (2015). Prioritisation of the hotel attributes according to their influence on satisfaction: A comparison of two techniques.Tourism Management,46, 43-50. Han, H., Hyun, S. S. (2017). Impact of hotel-restaurant image and quality of physical-environment, service, and food on satisfaction and intention.International Journal of Hospitality Management,63, 82-92. Jani, D., Han, H. (2014). Personality, satisfaction, image, ambience, and loyalty: Testing their relationships in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,37, 11-20. Jani, D., Han, H. (2015). Influence of environmental stimuli on hotel customer emotional loyalty response: Testing the moderating effect of the big five personality factors.International Journal of Hospitality Management,44, 48-57. Khozaei, F., Nazem, G., Ramayah, T., Naidu, S. (2016). Factors Predicting Travelers Satisfaction of Three to Five Star Hotels in Asia, an Online Review.International Journal of Research in Tourism and Hospitality,2(2), 30-41. Kim, W. G., Li, J. J., Brymer, R. A. (2016). The impact of social media reviews on restaurant performance: The moderating role of excellence certificate.International Journal of Hospitality Management,55, 41-51. Li, H., Ye, Q., Law, R. (2013). Determinants of customer satisfaction in the hotel industry: an application of online review analysis.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,18(7), 784-802. Manhas, P. S., Tukamushaba, E. K. (2015). Understanding service experience and its impact on brand image in hospitality sector.International Journal of Hospitality Management,45, 77-87. Rani, P. (2014). Factors influencing consumer behaviour.International journal of current research and academic review,2(9), 52-61. Rashid, I. M. A., Rani, M. J. A., Yusuf, B. N. M., Shaari, M. S. (2015). The impact of service quality and customer satisfaction on customer's loyalty: evidence from fast food restaurant of malaysia.International Journal of Information, Business and Management,7(4), 201. Shani, A., Uriely, N., Reichel, A., Ginsburg, L. (2014). Emotional labor in the hospitality industry: The influence of contextual factors.International Journal of Hospitality Management,37, 150-158. Singh, H., Saufi, R. A., Tasnim, R., Hussin, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Employee Job Satisfaction, Perceived Customer Satisfaction, Service Quality, and Profitability in Luxury Hotels in Kuala Lumpur.Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management,10(1), 26-39. Tan, A. L., Hussain, K., Murali, S. (2014).Antecedents affecting employee service recovery performance in five star hotel(pp. 1-17). Australian Academy of Business and Social Sciences. Taylor, D. C., Aday, J. B. (2016). Consumer generated restaurant ratings: A preliminary look at OpenTable. com.Journal of New Business Ideas and Trends,14(1), 14-23. Yap, L. H. (2015).Factors influencing customer re-patronage behavior: The mediating effect of customer satisfaction(Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Utara Malaysia). Ye, Q., Li, H., Wang, Z., Law, R. (2014). The influence of hotel price on perceived service quality and value in e-tourism: an empirical investigation based on online traveler reviews.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,38(1), 23-39.

Susan B Anthony Essay Example For Students

Susan B Anthony Essay Susan B Anthony Susan B. Anthony was born February 15, 1820 in Adams Massachusetts to Daniel and Lucy Anthony.Susan was the second born of eight children in a strict Quaker family.Her father, Daniel Anthony, was a stern man, a Quaker abolitionist and cotton manufacturer. He believed in guiding his children, not directing them. He did not allow them to experience the childish amusements of toys, games, and music, which were seen as distractions from the Inner Light. Instead he enforced self-discipline. Susan learned to read and write at the age of three. In 1826, the Anthonys moved from Massachusetts to Battensville, New York.Where Susan attended a district school, when the teacher refused to teach Susan long division, she was taken out of school and taught in home school set up by her father.A woman teacher, Mary Perkins, ran the school.Perkins offered a new image of womanhood to Susan and her sisters. We will write a custom essay on Susan B Anthony specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now She was independent, educated, and held a position that had been traditionally been reserved to young men.Susan was sent to a boarding school in Philadelphia.She taught at a female academy boarding school, in up state New York when she was fifteen years old intill she was thirty.After she settled in her family home in Rochester, New York.It was here that she began her first public crusade on behalf of temperance. This was one of the first expressions of feminism in the United States, and it delt with the abuses of woman and children who suffered from alcoholic husbands.In 1849, Susan gave her first public speech for the Daughters of Temperance, and then help found the Womans State Temperance Society of New York.It was one of the first organizations of its time. In 1851 she went to Syracus to attend a series of antislavery meetings.During this time Susan meet Cady Stanton.They became best friends.Susan joined Stanton and Amelia Bloomer in campaigns for womens rights. She would often deliver speeches written by Stanton, who was occupied with her young children. In 1854, She devoted herself to the antislavery movement serving from 1856 to the outbreak of the civil war, 1861.Here, she served as an agent for the American Antislavery Society.After, She worked with Stanton and published the New York liberal weekly, The Revolution (1868-1870) which called for equal pay for women. In 1872, Susan demanded that women be given the same civil and political rights that had been extended to black men under the 14th and 15th amendments. Anthony and Stanton became convinced that pg1ggggwoman would not gain the rights or be effective in promoting reforms until they had the right to vote. So she led a group of women to the polls in Rochester to test the right of women to vote. She was arrested two weeks later and while awaiting trial engaged highly publicized lecture tours and in March 1873, She tried to vote again in the city elections. After being tried and convicted of violating the voting laws, Susan succeeded in her refusal to pay the fine.From then on she campaigned endlessly for a federal woman suffrage amendment through the National American Womans Suffrage Association (1890-1906) and by lecturing throughout the country.Now the newly freed slaves were granted the right to vote by the 15th amendment, women of all races still did not have the right to voteAnthony, Stanton, and Matilda Joslyn Gage published the History of women Suffrage 4 volume (1881-1902), in 1888 she organized the International council of women and in 1904 the International Women Suffrage Alliance.Although Anthony did not live to see her effort fofilled to win the right to vote for women, the establishment of the 19th amendment is deeply owed to her efforts. .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe , .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe .postImageUrl , .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe , .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe:hover , .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe:visited , .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe:active { border:0!important; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe:active , .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65bcba62313d110cb8a0c0500c5a5bbe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Delinquent Behavior EssayOn July 2, 1979, the U.S Mint honored her work by issuing the Susan B. Anthony Dollar Coin. Susan B. Anthony died at age 86.She showed her strength and optimism until the end.Her final public words were FAILURE IS IMPOSSIBLE.

ACT Scores are So Important for Military Students

Why SAT/ACT Scores are So Important for Military Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you applying to a military academy like West Point, Naval Academy, or Air Force Academy? While military academy applications are relatively complex (what with having to get nominated by a Congressperson), their requirements for SAT/ACT scores are straightforward. Your challenge is to achieve the SAT/ACT scores you need to stand out among the fierce competition. This article reviews the SAT/ACT requirements for future cadets and how you can gainthe scores you need to attend a training academy in the "Five-Pointed Star." First, let's quickly go over your options. What Are the U.S. Military Academies? There are five military training academies in the U.S., known together as the Five-Pointed Star. If you gain acceptance, then your tuition is free (with the exception of some minimal fees of around $1,000 for the Merchant Marine Academy). Following graduation, cadets will complete 5 years of active duty service. U.S. Military Academy, or West Point is in West Point, New York. Cadets graduate from this 4-year academy to become second lieutenants in the Army. U.S. Naval Academy, or USNA, Annapolis, or Navy is in Annapolis, Maryland. Graduates are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps. U.S. Air Force Academy has a baseoutside Colorado Springs, Colorado. Students go on to become commissioned second lieutenants in the Air Force. U.S. Coast Guard Academy is located in New London, Connecticut. Students gain a Bachelor of Science degree and become commissioned ensigns aboard cutters and at sector offices in ports. U.S. Merchant Marine Academy is in Kings Point, New York. Students are called "midshipmen" and are trained in marine engineering, maritime law, and other areas in the realm of sea transport. In order to apply to one of these academies, you must be at least 17 and no older than 23. Admissions are very competitive, sohow important are SAT/ACT scores for getting accepted? How Important Are SAT/ACT Scores? As mentioned above, the military academies are very selective.Most applicants are in the top 25% of their high school class, and SAT/ACT scores are required for all of these schools. Both your grades and SAT/ACT scores are very important to admissions officers to demonstrate your academic readiness and commitment. Either exam is accepted, though students who choose the ACT should take the ACT with Writing. Most of the academies don't emphasize the Writing multiple choice section on the SAT as much as they do the Critical Reading and Math.While this means you can focus your prep on Reading and Math, you should still take the Writing seriously and avoid having a low outlier score in this section. If you're taking the new SAT in 2016 or after, then this point isn't relevant - the Critical Reading and Writing sections will be scored together on a scale of 200 to 800. Other requirements include an official nomination from a U.S. Congressperson, physical fitness assessments, and, as described bythe official White House website, a demonstration of "dedication, desire to serve others, ability to accept discipline, sense of duty, and morality, and the enjoyment of challenge." Thus your grades, along with your recommendations and high school activities, are important for telling your story and demonstrating that you possess these essential qualities. Every aspect of your application takes time and effort to address well, and your SAT/ACT scores are no different. To achieve the scores you need, you should start early, put in significant preparation, and plan to take the test more than once. Since score reports take about 3 weeks to reach schools, you want to make sure you're aware of your deadlines and leave yourself enough opportunities to take the SAT/ACT several times. Before reviewing the scores you need for each academy, what are their application deadlines? Hang in there - you got this. Deadlines for Military Academies Most deadlines are in January, February, or March of senior year, but that doesn't mean you should wait until senior year to take the SAT/ACT. Typically, students take their first SAT/ACT in the fall of junior year, then again in the spring, and finally in the fall of senior year. If you're applying to a military academy, you have probably started planning and gathering your application materials earlier than many other students. Usually theacademies want you to fill out a preliminary application in junior year. If you have a sense of your plans and goals, then you can push this SAT/ACT schedule back and start preparing even earlier. Before delving into planning your test prep and schedule, these are the deadlines for each academy for the 2014-15 application cycle (and similar deadlines will likely apply for future years). Application Deadline West Point 2/28/2015 Navy 1/31/2015 Air Force 12/31/2014 Coast Guard 3/1/2015 Merchant Marine Academy 2/1/2015 Based on these deadlines, you want to have your SAT/ACT scores completed by November or Decemberof senior year, if not earlier. What scores will make you a competitive candidate? What SAT/ACT Scores Do You Need? At the very minimum, you need at least a 500 Verbal and 500 math on the SAT. In terms of the ACT, you need at least a 21 English, 19 Reading, 24 Math, and 24 Science. The average scores for all the academies fall between 540 and 620 for SAT Verbal and 630 and 710 for SAT Math. The following chart breaks down the average scores of the incoming class of 2015 for each academy. The Naval Academy has a slightly higher bar for test scores, and expectations for math are higher than for verbal across the board. SAT Verbal SAT Math ACT English ACT Reading ACT Math ACT Science West Point 627 646 29 30 29 28 Navy 600-650 630-680 25-32 26-32 Air Force 633 663 30 30 30 30 Coast Guard 620 650 * Merchant Marine Academy 632 652 * *Data not reported, but average composite ACT score for Coast Guard and Merchant Marine Academy is 28. These are strong scores, and you may be aiming for higher than average to really strengthen your application. So how can you best prepare yourself to achieve your target scores? SAT/ACT prep is a different kind of target practice. How Can You Reach Your Target Scores? Once you have a sense of what scores you need for your school of interest, what can you do to ensure you achieve them? Preparation is key for doing well, but you want tomake sure you're studying efficiently and not wasting time with ineffective study habits or low quality practice questions. Read on for some tips for how to make the most out of your test prep and where to find the best resources for SAT/ACT strategies and practice questions. First,hopefully you have a good amount oftime before your application deadlines, because starting early will give you the time you need to prepare and take your test more than once. Start Early The process of applying to military school starts even earlier than most college applications, as you should fill out a preliminary application in junior year, along with communicating with a Congressperson to obtain his/her official recommendation. Since most students planning on a military academy are aware of this goal relatively early in high school, they should start to think about worktowards this goal by prepping for and taking the SAT/ACT early. Sophomore year is a good time to take your first test, or if you feel that 3 opportunities to test is sufficient, then you might take your first offical SAT/ACT in the fall of junior year. If you start studying for the SAT/ACT by sophomore year, then you can identify your strengths and weaknesses and fill in any gaps in knowledge. After taking a diagnostic practice test, you can do some boot camp-style studying and train yourself to conquer the SAT/ACT. Like any good training session, you should approach it with a plan. Prep With a Plan Start out with basic training. Get to know how long each section of your test is, how many questions you'll answer, and what exactly you need to bring to test day. Read about what's actually tested on the CriticalReading, Writing, and Math sections of the SAT and the Reading, English, Math, and Science sections of the ACT. Once you've gotten to know the structure and content of the test, try taking a diagnostic practice test to see how you are scoring now. This is just a baseline score. With practice and training, you will be able to improve your scores in all sections. After getting your score, go back and examine which practice questions were easy and which tripped you up. Analyze your mistakes and thoroughly read the explanations. If you're having trouble answering all the questions in time, continue to train yourself with timed practice tests. Review and try out time-saving strategies, like how to read the Critical Reading passages on the SAT and Reading passages on the ACT. Break down your test prep into small manageable goals. One week, focus on probability and word problems. The next, drill your understanding of commonly tested grammar rules. Breaking down your studying into small, manageable goals over time will help you learn, accumulate knowledge and skills, and gradually build up your scores. Below is an estimate of how many hours you should put in to see real improvement. Start with basic training. Then get more specialized. Put In the Time Whilethe amount ofstudy input and score improvement output differs for each student, the following is a rough estimate for how many hours you need to study to bring your scores up. SAT Composite Point Improvement 0-50 points - 10 hours 50-100points- 20 hours 100-200 points - 40 hours 200-300 points - 80 hours 300-500 points - 150 hours+ ACTComposite Point Improvement 0-1 points - 10 hours 1-2points- 20 hours 2-4 points - 40 hours 4-6points - 80 hours 6-9points - 150 hours+ The best way to put in the hours to really see improvement is to write down a schedule and stick to it. If you can set aside a specific time for test prep every week and make it part of your routine, then the hours and effort you put in will really add up over time. Just as you want to reflect on your strengths and weaknesses and root out your errors, you also will see the most effective results if you use high quality test prep resources. Use High Quality Resources The truest representation of the SAT/ACT comes from official practice questions. You can download official practice tests, as well as find practice questions on the College Board and ACT websites. Since these are actual questions written by the testmakers, many from previously administered test, they are the best samples of what you will encounter on test day. Unfortunately, there aren't a huge amount of resources out there to practice for the redesigned SAT. Your best bet so far is to make an account with Khan Academy and find the practice questions they are offering in conjunction with College Board. You can also familiarize yourself with the changes and try to focus specifically on those skills when prepping with older practice materials. Apart from official questions, you can use online test prep programs (like PrepScholar), various books, and SAT or ACT Question of the Day. Along with studying, you want to familiarize yourself with and practice the best strategies for enhancing your understanding, saving time, and writing a strong essay in only 25 minutes on the SAT or 40 minutes on the ACT. Invest in yourself and reap the benefits when you get into your military academy of choice. I've mentioned a few times that you should plan to take the SAT/ACT more than once. Here's why. Take the SAT/ACT More Than Once Just as you want to take control of your test preparation, you also want to have a strategy for tackling your testing schedule. The typical schedule is to take the SAT or ACT in the fall of junior year and then again in the spring of senior year. Then if you still see room for improvement, you have all summer to prep and take it again in the fall of senior year. Students almost always improve their scores when they retake the SAT/ACT, and you can use the time in between tests to focus on your weak spots. If you want even more opportunities to test - in case of a fluke testing day or issue with your score report - you could push this schedule back. This will shield you from any issues that may arise, as well as take off some of the pressure since you won't feel like youcould runout of time. You can use those qualities of determination and discipline desired by the military academies to hit your target scores. If you're aiming to attend a military academy, then you must be someone who welcomes challenge. Use those same standards of rigor and motivation you hold yourself to to prep for the SAT/ACT. Not only will you further gain mastery of yourself through discipline and hard work, you'll achieve your purpose of gaining the scores you need for admissioninto one of the competitive military academies of the Five-Pointed Star. What's Next? How many times should you take the SAT/ACT?Getadvice about registeringand choosing your test dates, specific to the SAT and ACT. Are you a sophomore or junior designing your study plan? Read the full guide to your study plan here. Are you aiming for perfection on the SAT or ACT, or just curious how people achieve this feat? Read how this full scorer approached the tests to score a perfect 2400 on the SAT and full 36 on the ACT. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Macroeconomics - exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Macroeconomics - exam - Essay Example The money supply can be influenced through three main tools which the Federal Reserve or the Central Bank of a country will use to either create money or reduce money. These options include 1. Changing the Required Reserve Ratio – Reserve Ratio can be described as the percentage of depositors balances which the banks are expected to have on hand as cash. The Federal Reserve can change this rate depending on whether it wish to reduce or increase money supply. When the ratio is lowered, the banks can lend out more funds, increasing the money supply. Conversely if the reserve ratio is increase, the banks have to lend less and keep more money in the reserves. 2. Chaniging the discount rate or the prime lending rate – at which the commercial banks borrow from the central bank can also create more money or less money. If the prime lending rate is low the commercial banks can borrow more and lend out to the economy which will create more money within the market. 3. Engaging in open market operations - By actively engaging in open market operations such as buying and selling of various credit instruments and foreign currencies or commodities, the Federal reserve can either create or reduce money. Open market operations allow central banks great flexibility in the timing and volume of monetary operations at their own initiative, encourage an impersonal, businesslike relationship with participants in the marketplace, and provide a means of avoiding the inefficiencies of direct controls. To calculate the reserves, the depositors money should be multiplied by the reserve rate stipulated by the Federal Reserve + 100. For example, If reserve rate is 10% and bank has deposits of $1 billion, it is required to have $110 million on reserve. If the bank has 220 billion in its reserve and depositors deposits are 190 billion then to find out the reserve

SRD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SRD - Assignment Example While a resume website provides me with the potential of targeting any web user, the website targets potential employees. In particular, my resume website targets employers in the business sector since my competencies are suited to this specific job environment. The resume website will provide me with the creative freedom that I need to express my personality, which is not possible through the conventional resume. In this case, I will ensure that every detail of the website from my bio to the design option I select says something about me and communicates my personality to potential employees. Besides, every detail of the website will pass the message that I take my career seriously. The different categories of information will start with the homepage. On this category, I will provide my extended professional summary. The other category will include the resume category, which will communicate the specifics of my resume with different subcategories such as my work experience, education qualifications, and skills. The website will also inform the target audience of the different ways in which they could connect with me either via a social networking site or through email. First, the resume website communicates my competencies and background to potential employees. Besides, it provides a record of accomplishment of my life, and the activities that I have engaged in that would help me fit in the job market and help an organization achieve its objectives. The resume website will also control my branding. While a resume presents an excellent opportunity to present my experiences, it fails to provide an opportunity for presenting a future that I would want hiring managers to see. Therefore, the resume website will present me as a brand, and not just presenting me as who I was, but whom I envisage on becoming. The website resume will also include my philosophy on life.

The Nature poetry of Robert Frost Research Proposal

The Nature poetry of Robert Frost - Research Proposal Example Robert Frost, in his poem, â€Å"Fire and Ice† mentions two opposite and contradictory imageries, fire and ice, both of which indicate the end of the world and therefore the end of life. The poem talks about the end of the world and the poet wonders what the source of this end could be. The two opening lines of the poem sum up the thoughts of the poem – â€Å"Some say the world will end in fire/Some say in ice† (Frost) Just like fire and ice are opposite elements in terms of the impact and sensation they produce, so are the consequences in the two cases. While fire signifies desire, lust and excessive passion, which might lead to destruction, ice signifies coldness, hatred and rigidity. While fire moves fast and spread in an instant, ice is slow and steady in its action. Both can destroy life and livelihood. Thinking from a literal perspective, fire might strike a forest and destroy the habitation. Also, ice can cover an entire area and thus destroy all forms of life that reside there. Passion, like fire can spread fast and works with high speed such that it may consume a person and destroy quickly. Instance of love and obsession leading to destruction and death of an individual are quite common. The concept of ice can be referred to the occurrence of the cold war. Ice signifies less or no expression and rigidity. This is even more dangerous because this coldness can eat into a person’s life and destroy slowly but steadily just like it worked during the cold war. While the Soviet block has its beliefs embedded in communism, the NATO nations had faith in capitalism and individuality. Thus Europe did not remain an integrated whole anymore. Just like ice might freeze into a crack and widen the fissure, thus leading to a split, Europe also met similar fate and became fragmented. (Davidson) If we think about fire, we find it at work during the early years of work and also

Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience

Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience Advertising is the non-personal way of communication of information more frequently than not paid proposed for and usually influential in nature about products, services or ideas by renowned sponsors through the a variety of media. It is a presentation of idea, manufactured goods, or organization, in order to induce persons to approve, buy, or support of it. Advertising is also defined as paid form of any promotion conveyed from side to side an accumulation medium that viewers are more likely in the course of paying attention and consideration in the subject matter of the advertising conceded through their selected medium and it is explained to be part of the marketing mix in the promotional tools. The globalization of competition, saturation of markets, and development of information technology have enhanced customer awareness and created a situation where long-term success is no longer achieved through optimized product price and qualities. Instead, companies build their success on a long-term customer relationship. According to former studies, it can cost as much as six times more to win a new customer than it does to keep an existing one. Hence, the increase and retention of loyal customers has become a key factor for long-term success of the companies. The main emphasis in marketing has shifted from winning new customers to the retention of existing ones The Von Restorff effect was identified by Hedwig von Restorff in 1933. She conducted a set of memory experiments around isolated and distinctive items, concluding that an isolated item, in a list of otherwise similar items, would be better remembered than an item in the same relative position in a list where all items were similar. There can also be a reverse effect here. You remember the unique item, but the attention that it grabs from you is removed from other items thus you may in fact remember less overall. Hedwigs work relates to Gestalt, where she related it to the Figure and Ground principles. Attention is usually captured by salient, novel, surprising, or distinctive stimuli. These may be used to enhance the von Restorff effect. In the attention age, when the plethora of media around us is constantly battling for a moment of our time, advertisers make much use of this principle, each vying with the other to stand out from the crowd and hence be remembered by the target audie nce. The Von Restorff effect is also called the Isolation Effect or the Distinctiveness Principle. The same principle has also been described as prominence effects. Traditionally there are two approaches to treating customer loyalty trough advertising. Some researchers have investigated the nature of different levels of loyalty through retention; others have explored the influence of individual factors on loyalty. In this paper, both treatments are combined to investigate which specific factors in the telecommunication sector influence the loyalty rate of the various customers segmented by loyalty. The potential for establishing loyalty depends on the object (i.e. product or vendor), on the subject (customer) or on the environment (market, other suppliers, etc.). In broader term, for both, customer and manufacturing products firms, a firms ability to distinguish its products as of competitors and to build success brands is critical for achievement. As a consequence, firms may use more on their marketing infrastructure to raise the sales by attracting more consumers to the product group as a whole as healthy as by convincing current consumers to switch their purchases as of competitors products to the firms brand. Moreover, firms by means of strong brand names may be clever to charge best prices based on the additional worth of the brand which would too improve the firms profitability. Therefore, firms that connect in heavy marketing communication activities in advertising may show performance that is improved than those investing less powerfully in marketing infrastructure. In a bigger scenario the advertisement is treated from two viewpoints: as advertisement specialists and customers. Advertisement specialists create decisions incident to preparation, creation and transmission of the advertisement. Customers on the other hand act in response to the advert which advertisement specialists have produced and the presented them. Following incorporating these two perspectives we be able to state that constant communication of advert and customer is experiential in the advertisement procedure. As marketing specialists move particular message to the customers while advertise incredible, the advertisement might be called communication procedure There are several other reasons for a customer to respond absolutely to advertising. Advertising has the apparently magical property that persons whose tastes are most excellent served by a known brand are those most probable to observe an ad intended for that brand. Advertisers decide the media in which they advertise in fraction to maximize the purchase likelihood intended for their brand. In result the producer distributes his advertisements among media so that the communication is seen by persons who are most probable to repeat buy the particular brand. Advertising efficiency depends on users receptivity towards an ad and on their approach towards advertising. For turn out advertisement found out, persons respondents with more positive attitudes towards advertising recalled a higher numeral of advertisements the day exposure. In the internet, it is recurrent that advertising is used with levels of forced contact than only static banners whose level would contrast to print adverti sing of some type. Since higher intrusiveness leads to ad evasion and irritation, a fewer favorable attitude among customers advertising can be supposed. Presumptuous that the overall approach towards internet advertising is fewer favorable than towards print advertising, lower ad reminiscence can be expected. Customer Preference and acceptance in optimistic conditions mean the identical obsession but it is positive to keep the fad in mind with penchant notice to indicate choices between unbiased or valued options with receipt representing a readiness to stand the condition or less desirable options Advertising is an imperative social phenomenon. It stimulates economic activity models, consumption, life-styles and an assured value orientation. Customers are confronted with daily amount of advertising in numerous media. With the constant hit of different marketing media, it is presumable that it will have an effect on society and individualism as a whole. Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Different types of media can be used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages. Advertising may be placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization. Companies understand that marketing has an important role in their overall accomplishment. They recognize that if there are any functions near to customers its either Marketing or Sales. Sales develop into a direct interface among products of companies and customers, and on the other hand marketing is an indirect function between company and customers. Most researchers have implicitly assumed that a consumer uses the same criteria to evaluate all brands in a product class in Von Restorff effect. This study views the consumer as a more flexible information processor. The attributes an individual recalls or uses to evaluate a brand in a product class may vary. To some extent, attributes may be influenced by the advertisement the consumer sees for the brand. There has been a strong support for the espousal of consumer retention in as one of the key performance indicators in Von Restorff effect. It has found that there is a high association between customer retention and the profit earn by the industries. The fragmentation of media choices and the active nature of the marketplace, tied with an enlarged number of additional demanding and prosperous consumers, brought bigger challenges to marketing practitioners in keeping hold of their regular customers. An advertisement may provide information about a brand on several attributes. Attention getting services such as bold type and arrows can draw attention to a particular attribute and away from others. Advertisement induced recalls may or may not translate into product use during a subsequent brand evaluation. Marketers have implicitly assumed that people who see advertisements encouraging recall of specific brand attributes will increase their use of that information for brand evaluation. One example of this is using recall of a claim to test advertisement effectiveness. Yet research in social cognition indicates that enhanced recall of an attribute does not necessarily imply increased emphasis on that attribute during a subsequent brand evaluation in Von Restorff effect. In advertising, to get the attention of the packaging is the most important medium of communication because it reaches almost all buyers in the category and is present at the crucial moment when procurement decision is made; and buyers are actively involved with packaging as they examine it to obtain the information they need. A well suited packaging material works as an instrument to differentiate a product from a wide range of other products having similar qualities and helps customers to finalize his buying behavior. It can be claimed that package performs a vital role in marketing connections and can be treated as one of the most major feature to pursue consumers purchase judgment. In this context, seeking to optimize the effectiveness of package in a buying place, the researches of package, its elements and their impact on consumers buying behaviour became a relevant issue. Due to emergent self-service and altering customers standard of living, their life style the awareness in package that includes size, quantity, color, shape as a mechanism of sales advertising and stimulator of spontaneous purchasing behavior is rising more and more. So package carries out an imperative role in advertising communications, in particular in the spot of sale and it is treated as the most significant features influence purchase decision of consumers. Earlier study has shown that there is no agreement on categorization of package basics as well as package impact on purchase decision of consumers. The effects of prominent information in an advertisement may be mediated by several individual and situational factors that may mediate the relationship between prominence in an ad and the evaluative criteria used. Advertisements are read both by consumers who are interested in evaluating the advertised brands (brand processing) and by those who are not (non brand processing). Attribute information in an advertisement may be processed differently under brand processing and under non brand processing conditions. Color is one of the most important non verbal signs. The impact of colors for the marketers through advertisement is very well recognized. When it is about products, it is become aware as one of the foreseeable signs of the whole look of products that also have an impact on the sales success of a product. Nowadays, it is fairly clear that products must not be designed just in order to meet up the functional needs of the customers but at the same time it must be attractive and eye catching as well. That is the main reason design is accentuate as a key marketing element. Conversely, colors do not merely lie in the aesthetics as it is strained that colors have two additional essential functions from a marketing viewpoint. The first use, it is suggested that colors draw attention to themselves by implying that color is the most necessary visual element in advertising. The subsequent purpose of colors that is highlighted is the position of colors as a way of communication. Hence, it is de clared that colors have the skill to express meanings predominantly while it comes to such marketing phenomenon as advertising and packaging. The graphics are any lines, metaphors, symbols, snaps, and text that narrate to the brand name. The most ordinary graphics in advertising are applications of figurative representation and abstract symbolization with the exclusion that make use of design drawings the most. Characteristics of design fundamentals may be grouped as functional and visual elements. Visual include form, text, pictures, colors and decorations and functional elements comprise structural designs (store, protect, reclose and open), material designs (display value and emotional appeal), volume designs (economy). Advertisement must also draw customer attention with visual elements that please consumer psychosomatic desires other than their main functionalities Consumer attitude is a blend of perceptions, values and attitude. The customer must initial distinguish the product and then focus beliefs and values on top of the product and make a choice and then decide to purchase or not. Beliefs are more susceptible to marketing than values for the reason that beliefs are subject matter to emotion and knowledge. Self perceptions of familiarity may affect the individuals use of stored product class knowledge to interpret and integrate new brand information. This approach to familiarity is phenomenological; it focuses on the individuals subjective perceptions rather than on an objectively verifiable reality. There is evidence that self perceptions of familiarity are not equivalent to objective measures of expertise or knowledge and that these self perceptions affect processing. If prominence directs subjects attention to a key attribute, it may direct attention away from other, non prominent attributes in the ad and this may, in turn, decrease recall of non prominent attributes. An individuals evaluation task while viewing an advertisement may affect the processing that occurs during exposure. Brand and non brand tasks may involve different processes, but both may facilitate the use of prominent information. Prominent information may greatly affect processing for those using a brand processing strategy. If prominent aspects of a stimulus are weighted more heavily in evaluations because they receive more attention during exposure, they might be used more by consumers who are focusing on the brand and its attributes-in other words, those processing for brand evaluation. Work in political science has found that people who are interested in politics and must decide for whom to vote are more likely than other people to be affected by the agenda-setting ability of mass media Prominence may direct attention to particular stimuli or to particular aspects of stimuli. Under some circumstances, prominent stimuli may affect evaluations by directing processing. Researchers in political science provide some evidence by examining the agenda-setting role of the media during elections. The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. Numerous empirical studies demonstrate that readers perceptions of issue importance-as measured by self-report rating scales and open-ended elicitations reflect the emphasis these issues have received in the media to which they have been exposed. This does not mean that the media have affected voters priorities; perhaps people seek out media that concentrate on issues they feel are important. In addition to uncertainty about the direction of causal influence, we must also as-certain the strength of the link between issues people say are important and those they actually use to evaluate and elect candidates. Evidence shows that this link may be rather strong. If this is so, the agenda setting function of the media may provide an example of prominence affecting the degree to which some issues affect attitudes although, of course, media effects may also be due to direct arguments asserting that particular issues in news stories are the important ones. Customer satisfaction and retention are the key elements for the planning of the marketing in view of the fact that satisfaction does sway customers intention to re-patronage the restaurant. Therefore, marketers are supposed to look into the issues that would have an effect on customer satisfaction intensity. Besides, as customer prospect are altering over time and it is advised to determine the customer satisfaction and expectation on regular basis and grip complaints timely and effectively. An individuals evaluation task while viewing an advertisement may affect the pro-cessing that occurs during exposure. Brand and non brand tasks may involve different processes, but both may facilitate the use of prominent information. Prominent information may greatly affect processing for those using a brand processing strategy. If prominent aspects of a stimulus are weighted more heavily in evaluations because they receive more attention during exposure, they might be used more by consumers who are focusing on the brand and its attributes-in other words, those processing for brand evaluation. Work in political science has found that people who are interested in politics and must decide for whom to vote are more likely than other people to be affected by the agenda-setting ability of mass media. Prominent information may also greatly affect processing for those using a non brand processing strategy. Someone called upon to evaluate a brand after processing the ad with such a strategy may simply use whatever information about the advertised brand pops into his head first-that is, whatever is most easily recalled. In such a case, if prominence affects the attributes recalled, it may affect the criteria used to form attitudes as under low involvement, advertising influences brand choice by changing the salient attributes of the advertised brand. Self perceptions of familiarity may affect the individuals use of stored product class knowledge to interpret and integrate new brand information. This approach to familiarity is phenomenological; it focuses on the individuals subjective perceptions rather than on an objectively verifiable reality. There is evidence that self-perceptions of familiarity are not equivalent to objective measures of expertise or knowledge and that these self perceptions affect processing. Those who consider themselves familiar with a product (high subjective familiarity) may feel they have stored criteria for brand evaluation. They are aware of their stored product knowledge and may use it to interpret and integrate attribute information presented in an advertisement. In contrast, consumers who consider themselves unfamiliar with a product (low subjective familiarity) may feel they lack stored evaluative criteria. Such consumer may not attempt to use whatever knowledge they do have when presented with da ta about a new brand, feeling that it is useless to try to evaluate such information. Product specific attributes may seem confusing and meaningless; instead, they may use information in the advertisement that is not product-specific. In some cases, they may use information about attributes that are normally used to evaluate objects in a more general class of products to which the unfamiliar product belongs or is related. For example, a consumer who feels s/he doesnt know anything about shaving cream might use attributes appropriate for evaluating toiletries in general-such as scent-or those frequently found useful in evaluating products in general, such as price. In other cases s/he may, consciously or unconsciously, base brand attitude on evaluation of the advertisement itself. Thus self-perceptions of familiarity may affect the use of attribute information in an advertisement, and consumers who consider themselves unfamiliar with a product may be relatively unaffected by prominence. They may find all product-specific attributes too confusing and meaningless to use, regardless of accessibility. In contrast, consumers who consider themselves familiar with a product may be affected by prominence; they may find it easy to integrate a new piece of information with stored data and may have the confidence to do so. If prominence affects the accessibility of this information, it may affect its use by this group. A brands advertising can affect both the brand attributes recalled and those used for subsequent evaluations. In addition, advertisement induced recall due to an attention focusing tactic does not necessarily imply increased emphasis on that attribute during a subsequent brand evaluation. This suggests that it is useful for marketers to distinguish between processing which leads to recall and that which leads to attitude formation. The results imply that availability and use in attitude formation are not equivalent; elicitation procedures may not be appropriate techniques for obtaining the attributes used to evaluate brands. Advertisers must always be on the lookout for new techniques or approaches to adequately disseminate their messages, and brand placement is becoming a more widely used form of communication. This practice has been a standard in the film and television industry and is now making its mark in the video game industry. Traditional media are losing speed, and thus the use of non-traditional media as a form of communication is becoming much more interesting for advertisers. To compete, it is almost becoming a must for advertisers to be present in these new forms of media and entertainment. Young adults are watching television less and less. This phenomenon is due to the emergence of new technologies such as personal video recorders (PVR), leading people to watch their favourite TV channels off line. Once viewers have recorded these programs, they can watch them without any advertising breaks. The audience fragmentation resulting from the emergence of specialized channels has also complicate d the task of any advertisers attempting to reach mass numbers of people. Brand placement is defined as the inclusion, for promotion purposes, of a product, brand or company name within a film or television program content. The objective of this strategy is to increase brand recognition, and ultimately lead to a positive impact on purchase preference or intent. Most research on brand placement has focused on two major themes, namely placement effectiveness with four identified criteria that prominence, clarity, integration within scenario, location on screen. For years advertisers and consumer behaviour researchers have studied the effects of advertisement on recall, attitude, and other evaluations related to the ad and the brand. This includes cognitive responses, such as attention, recall, brand preference, and brand evaluation. These areas of research reflect the growing convictions of many advertisers that consumers liking and disliking of an ad can influence its effectiveness regarding attention, recall, brand evaluations, other cognitive related responses, and reactions. For decision alternatives, consumers consistently acquire product information on product brand attributes available to them. Such information in marketing communications is often conveyed either in numerical and verbal modes or both. Results from past studies on information mode showed that judgments of numerical estimates and verbal expressions vary considerably across subjects. Despite the increasing importance of numerical information in marketing, the marketing and advertising literature is scant on the effects of numerical attribute information on consumer evaluation of products. In addition, research on the relationship between presentation forms and information mode has not been reviewed in the past, despite the growing importance of numerical attribute information and the persuasive nature of vividness in advertising. Hence, the importance of vividness in terms of ad evaluation is of interest. Although the effects of presentation form, vividness, in terms of its persuasive communication has yielded mixed results, this research attempts to examine and discuss the role of vividness and the mode of information used with the inclusion of a moderator, consumer knowledge, as a determinant of how consumers respond to product advertisement. Consumers product knowledge is likely to affect product attribute information evaluations and recall in ways that are not entirely predictable. For example, consumers make judgments and decisions about products and services under conditions of uncertainty and only rarely complete information is available for all important features and benefits of a given product for them to make a decision. Studies have shown that the general interpretation of knowledge depends on individuals currently active knowledge structures. In the knowledge literature, accessibility of attribute information guides the interpretation of that information about the possible relationships among elements of product class. Furthermore, highly accessible attributes related to product information in the ad are likely to guide the encoding of the information. Different consumers use different skills and strategies to evaluate information implying that variables such as individual difference in knowledge may be important moderators in information processing. Individuals might differ in their responses to arguments the message contains, with some people analyzing and reacting to each argument and others reacting mainly to the communications overall point rather than to the argumentation. It is hardly surprising that reactions to communications are highly variable, because individuals differ in disposition and in prior experiences they have had in relationships to the attributes in the ads, product category, and overall presentation contexts in which influence is exerted. This can affect their attitude and responsiveness to advertising. Possibly, a reason attributed to this responsiveness is that a consumers decision-making approach is made via different patterns as they gain knowledge through experience with a product. The moderating effect s of consumer knowledge on processing and evaluation of numerical and verbal product attributes, and their interaction with vivid and non-vivid attribute information in advertising have also, until now, received little attention in the consumer behaviour literature. The effects of vividly presented information, for instance, vivid verbal or vivid numerical in an advertisement in general may be moderated by several individual and situational factors. Effects of advertising have been examined in the past, although, the influence of numerical versus verbal information content in advertising has not been examined. Studies in the area of information mode have primarily compared numerical information to verbal information with respect to information processing, memory, preference, and comparative judgments. Although studies have examined various aspects of advertising message content and format, none of the studies in the literature cited has made an attempt to measure subjects attitude toward to ad, and recall tested for all verbal and all numerical modes. On the other hand, some studies have compared the differences between visual and verbal information and their effects on brand attitude prior to the studies focusing on the comparison of verbal and numerical information. Other researchers have examined the differences between verbal message format and visual formats in terms of their effects on information processing, memory and ev aluations concerning the product. Advertisers are aware that consumers are exposed to numerous amounts of uncertain information and that they must also use this information for making decisions irrespective of just choosing a specific mode of communication. It is therefore reasonable to expect that preferences for a particular mode of information will influence how the information is encoded, retrieved, and then processed during decision-making situations. Online marketing is altering the way advertising is conducted and provides firms with a new lay of capabilities. This is able to be attributed to online advertising no longer seen as an optional component for business, other than a strategic platform. Therefore, businesses should aspire for online marketing to be an integral fraction of the business disadvantaged. The presence and accessibility to a web site is middle to online marketing. Though, as the number of companies exploiting online advertising and the use of explore engine marketing grows, it is flattering more hard for businesses to attract web site traffic The availability heuristic estimates frequency or probability by the ease with which instances or associations could be brought to mind. Some of this may be relatively easy to access, although other information is less accessible. This accessibility or ease of recall is termed as availability. If one can easily retrieve examples from memory, one infers that the event must be fairly frequent or common and/or well rehearsed. In order to make evaluations one needs to recall relevant information from memory. Information that is more available in memory will be utilized more in making the evaluation than information that is not readily available. In the areas of social cognition and evaluative processes the availability of information in memory has been seen to influence estimates and judgments. Accordingly the techniques devised for assessing efficiency tend to be leaning to the way TV advertising is thought to effort. But there is evidence of effective advertising in turn out media like newspaper, magazines, pamphlets , bills also, and this account summarises a small of it . There is to apply more extensively to bills or any print advertising campaigns the disciplines of monitoring next to pre-strong-minded objectives. This applies both to periodical campaigns and too mixed-media campaigns which characteristic magazines as a substantial fraction of the mix. Furthermore in certain compliments the techniques of monitoring and of pre-difficult need to be modified to the distinctive method magazines work, than simply adopting the assumptions applied to TV. The variation in the efficiency of encoding and retention of information will certainly depend on the combined efficiency of a large amount of different complex processes. However, when opportunities arise for recall of the processed information, the availability of the information is emphasized. How then, might such properties and memory efficiency be related to other cognitive abilities? Is comprehension or interpretational ability just one aspect of general learning and memory? The issue of what, if any, relation exists between expertise and the ability to comprehend information for recall and evaluation is a complex one, to which relatively little research attention has been given. The objective is to detect the ability to manipulate information, perceived relations, and extract it from the memory for judgment. Consumers are aware of their stored product knowledge and may use it to integrate a new piece of information and properly retrieve them to interpret attribute information presented in the ad. On the contrary, consumers who are novices may lack the stored evaluative standard, and they may not use whatever knowledge they have when presented with a new piece of information about the product. Th ey may feel it is useless to exert any kind of effort to process and evaluate the new information. Therefore novices use ad specific cues that are not product attribute oriented information because product attribute information may seem confusing and meaningless to them Customer satisfaction is defined as the consumers fulfillment response. Customer satisfaction leads to the customer loyalty so it is necessary to s

The Neurobiology of Genius Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Genius: The Neurobiology of Giftedness Toby Rosenberg, in all the five years of his life, has never been your typical toddler. At age 14 months, Toby could read aloud from posters his stroller passed by. A year later, he spoke both Polish and English fluently, and at the age of 4, he compiled a dictionary of hieroglyphics after visiting a museum shop and perusing through a book on ancient Egypt (1). From W.A. Mozart to Bobby Fisher to Toby Rosenberg, some children have since their birth amazed the world with their incredible intellect and abilities that can at times outdo even the brightest of adults. Why is this so, and, as many parents-to-be wonder, can a genius be created? It is evident that when a child's mental development is displayed far beyond the usual time, the only reasonable explanation is that the brain and nervous system are much more highly developed than is normal for the age (2). Some scientists believe that there are quantitative differences in these children's cerebral organization, and that these diffe rences may possibly have a genetic link. However, although results seem to indicate this as so, more data is needed to establish this firmly and to ultimately explain why so few children have such gifted abilities. First, however, one must have a clear notion of what is meant by giftedness. Only the top 2-5 % of children in the world are truly gifted. These children are precocious, self-instructing, can intuit solutions without resorting to logical, linear steps, and have an incredible interest in an area or more that they focus so intently on, that they may lose sense of the outside world (3). Early reading and development of abstract thought are typical characteristics as well. The acceleration of ment... ...cience and human genetics concerned with human learning, memory, and intellectual developments which have implications in gifted education. http://www.edfac.unimelb.edu.au/LED/GDE/brain.html 6)Raising Albert: Can studying dead brains ever tell us anything about genius?, Environmental factors may be a source of Einstein's genius. http://www.newscientist.com/ns/19990626/editorial.html 7)TI: Mental rotation and the right hemisphere, Abstract of research findings regarding enhanced development of the right cerebral hemisphere and its connection to extreme intellectual giftedness. http://www.soton.ac.uk/~crime/Mathematics_brain.html 8) Wetware: The Biological Basis of Intellectual Giftedness, A thorough analysis of the parts of the brain and their related systems in comparison to the intellectually gifted. http://www.hoagiesgifted.org/montage/v1n4p3.html The Neurobiology of Genius Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers Genius: The Neurobiology of Giftedness Toby Rosenberg, in all the five years of his life, has never been your typical toddler. At age 14 months, Toby could read aloud from posters his stroller passed by. A year later, he spoke both Polish and English fluently, and at the age of 4, he compiled a dictionary of hieroglyphics after visiting a museum shop and perusing through a book on ancient Egypt (1). From W.A. Mozart to Bobby Fisher to Toby Rosenberg, some children have since their birth amazed the world with their incredible intellect and abilities that can at times outdo even the brightest of adults. Why is this so, and, as many parents-to-be wonder, can a genius be created? It is evident that when a child's mental development is displayed far beyond the usual time, the only reasonable explanation is that the brain and nervous system are much more highly developed than is normal for the age (2). Some scientists believe that there are quantitative differences in these children's cerebral organization, and that these diffe rences may possibly have a genetic link. However, although results seem to indicate this as so, more data is needed to establish this firmly and to ultimately explain why so few children have such gifted abilities. First, however, one must have a clear notion of what is meant by giftedness. Only the top 2-5 % of children in the world are truly gifted. These children are precocious, self-instructing, can intuit solutions without resorting to logical, linear steps, and have an incredible interest in an area or more that they focus so intently on, that they may lose sense of the outside world (3). Early reading and development of abstract thought are typical characteristics as well. The acceleration of ment... ...cience and human genetics concerned with human learning, memory, and intellectual developments which have implications in gifted education. http://www.edfac.unimelb.edu.au/LED/GDE/brain.html 6)Raising Albert: Can studying dead brains ever tell us anything about genius?, Environmental factors may be a source of Einstein's genius. http://www.newscientist.com/ns/19990626/editorial.html 7)TI: Mental rotation and the right hemisphere, Abstract of research findings regarding enhanced development of the right cerebral hemisphere and its connection to extreme intellectual giftedness. http://www.soton.ac.uk/~crime/Mathematics_brain.html 8) Wetware: The Biological Basis of Intellectual Giftedness, A thorough analysis of the parts of the brain and their related systems in comparison to the intellectually gifted. http://www.hoagiesgifted.org/montage/v1n4p3.html

“Federal Reserve” Bailouts will Devalue the Dollar

Since at least August of 2008, the privately owned Federal Reserve family of members banks are being bailed out by the US taxpayer. Some financial writers such as Rodgers (2008) hold that the bailout has been occurring for far longer, but at least as far as the rather timid news media are concerned, the â€Å"public† side of the bailouts has occurred since September of 2008. This will lead to a serious devaluation of an already devalued dollar. The reasons and theory will be described in the body of this paper.The basics are the following: after years of reckless lending and irresponsible spending by the public, the value of major investments, especially real estate, was dangerously overvalued. Continuing high returns gave banks incentives, at all levels, to extend credit with few controls, leading to the inevitable crunch that many mainstream writers claimed would never happen. The result, predictably, is that the larger institutions such as the major insurance form AIG, were to be bailed out.The mechanism for this bail out is rather simple: the â€Å"toxic† paper held by the private banks are to be exchanged for marginally less toxic paper from the Treasury. However, this paper has no value unless the Federal Government could borrow the money. At the moment, there is an inexplicable international trust in the American government to forward the money, but the official $800 billion figure is far from the truth. Far more money is needed, and has been invested in this scam already. The arguments in favor of the bailout are poor and contrived.They seem to revolve around the argument that if the major institutions fail, the shocks through the economy would be so bad as to affect even the most marginal taxpayer in America. With major bank and insurance failures, the ordinary man in the street would be severely affected. Hence, the bailout is meant to protect the taxpayer. In addition, the argument also tacks on the addendum that the paper taken from th e failing institutions will eventually be resold on the international markets once the crisis has passed and some level of confidence bas been regained (Warring, 2008).This argument is very poorly thought out, since, by the same token, one’s boss should have his debts paid by the US taxpayer since his failure would lead to his employees losing their jobs. Hence, his debts should be paid. The argument against the bailout is equally simple: it continually places the economy at the mercy of borrowed money, and, more importantly, that the people who helped create this crisis are precisely the same ones that are being rewarded through bailouts.It is fundamentally undemocratic and oligarchic in that the ordinary taxpayer in debt receives foreclosure, while the elite receive taxpayer money. Lastly, and more importantly relative to this essay, the continuing bailouts of the major economic players will dangerously increase the money supply and lead to hyperinflation (Warring, 2008). I n dealing with the question of inflation and the fall of the dollar, the nature of the Federal Reserve institution needs to be dealt with. First of all, the Fed was created in 1913 as a private institution, not a part of the federal government.Its member banks, according to Standard and Poor, are the Rothschild dynasty in London, the Seif dynasty in Italy, Lehman Bros in New York (allowed to fail in September), Chase Manhattan and Goldman Sachs, both in New York. While some may protest that the executive branch has some appointative power over the Fed, the reality is that the above firms are some of the most generous with their money in presidential campaigns, and the Federal Election Commission reports that Goldman Sachs was the leading campaign contributor to both Obama and McCain campaigns, with $4 million to Obama and almost $1.5 million to McCain (Open Secret Reports, 2009). Hence, it needs to be mentioned straight forward that the Fed banks are self governing and help elect th e president in the first place. Hence, given the makeup of the Fed’s board, little discussed outside the web, one can see that the bailout is over not merely the American financial sector, but the globe’s. The significance of the fed relative to dollar devaluation is that whatever the US government cannot raise though loans, itself repressive of the dollar’s value and repressive of international confidence, must be printed by the Federal Reserve members banks.In more detail, the situation looks like this: The Federal Reserve international financial board of governors decided to increase the Monetary Base (MB) of the country last year. The MB is defined as the total amount of money in circulation plus the reserve of the members banks. This came to $1. 4 trillion by last December, coming up from $800 billion a month prior (Engdahl, 2008). With this, banks still did not want to lend, and confidence did not increase. Hence, there is a huge pool of liquid that is for cing the dollar down that is not restoring confidence.This in part is because the US is broke, also in part that the amount of dollars held by foreign investors in China, the Arab World, Russia and India is a massive amount, continuing a downward pressure on the dollar and threatening the US with severe depression if these states decided to dump even a fraction of these dollars on the market. Is it possible that the bailout is really designed to give confidence to foreign governments and private banks who are thinking of purging their dollar reserves and moving to Euros?The reality is that if there is a threat of devaluation, then states and investors might be induced to sell, creating a panic and bottoming out the currency. Since the Fed will not disclose the recipients of the loans, and, further, the Treasury department will not disclose the nature of the toxic paper they are buying, there is no rebounding in confidence, hence, the dollar looks terrible in international eyes. Henc e, the Fed, realizing the state, which backs the dollar in the first place, has no money to lend, will merely print the money to fill the gap (Engdahl, 2008).Hence, given the stagnant MP, plus the fact that the bailout is being financed by foreign borrowing and by printing, there is no question that the dollar will fall. Since 2000, the dollar has lost 40% of its value against the Euro. In the chart below, the dollar is compared with the Euro during the bailout from 28 December 2007 to 27 January 2008. The below graph does indicate some recovery of the dollar against te Euro, but there can be no doubt as to the long term weakness of the US currency.Apparently, there is some mild increase in confidence that the bailout might make the US economy more solvent, but the below information is too limited for a full understanding. From the beginning of the bailout until mid November of last year, the US debt increased almost $958 billion. Add to this the record breaking trade deficit of alm ost $1 trillion, and the dollar is in serous trouble. The increase in public debt due to the bailout out is destroying the dollar’s value. According to Asia News (2008), the US is now committed to over $8.95 trillion dollars to the bailout. The total US economy was roughly $13 billion, with the full debt at about $10 trillion. About 61% of this debt was held by foreign investors, the majority Asian. Since trillions of dollars are held by Asian investors, and debt in the US (both private and public) reaches levels of complete insolvency, the Asians will insist on eliminating dollars as a method of doing business and hence, the dollar will not only loose value, but collapse, leading to a crisis of Argentinian proportions in 2009 (Asia News, 2008).This year, the same author at Asia News writes: â€Å"But Asia now understands that the increase of money supply decreases the intrinsic value of a currency. That is why China is seeking a possible and rational attempt to decouple Asi an currencies from the dollar, as recent news stories report. (Asia News, 2009). Hence, the math is simple: too many dollars in circulation, too much printing by the Fed to create the bailout liquidity means the devaluation and eventual collapse of the dollar, and the US taxpayer is powerless over the private Fed as well as the foreign investors that are publically now saying they will eliminate dollar reserves.The reality is this: once there is a sense that a country is insolvent, and that it simply cannot pay its debts, compounded by a massive bailout that the country cannot possibly finance on its own, investors run to get rid of dollars. Even worse, capital fight can result, where money begins leaving the insolvent country, in this case the US, investing instead in Russia, China, Thailand or the EU. Hence, the bailout is merely the tail end of a long fall in th US dollar, a powerful symbol of the US government and corporate governance to control investment and spending.